Theory geoffrey leech

Definition of SEMANTIC According to Expert

Theory Geoffrey Leech Of Semantic - How language work

Geoffrey Leech in his book semantics breaks 

down “meaning” in widest sense into seven different types 

giving primary importance to logical or conceptual meaning. 

The six other types are Connotative meaning, Social meaning, 

Affective meaning, Reflected meaning, Collocative meaning 

and thematic meaning. These seven types of meaning are 

compared with the three types of lexical meaning.

The term semantics was used broadly to refer to the study of 

meaning. It was also central to the study of communication. 

Though the ‘meaning’ or the information one wants to 

communicate can be conveyed through a number of means 

like gesture, picture, signals, etc. language was the main tool 

of communication of the human beings. Semantics as a branch 

of linguistics was mainly concerned with how the ‘meaning’ 

was conveyed by the linguistics system consisting of different 

unit structures like sentence, phrases, words, morphemes etc.

semantics as a study of meaning, which relates language to the 

various aspects of non-linguistics reality, was also of interest 

to various disciplines such as philosophy, anthropology, 

psychology, communication theory etc.,

Semantics in the broad sense of the term can be considered to 

study all that was communication by language, but some 

scholars would like to restrict semantics to the study of logical 

or conceptual meaning i.e. only those aspects of meaning 

which are logically acceptable leaving out deviation and 

abnormalities.

Semantic 😊

Hello guys...

In this paper,  I wanna give a little information of SEMANTIC

in the SEMANTIC discussed is the relationship between words and concepts or meanings of the words, as well as objects or things that are referred to by those meanings that are outside of language. (Chaer 1994:60)

In my opinion SEMANTIC is the study of meaning in a concept between words.

for EXAMPLE in grammatical Semantics or grammatical meaning such as affixation, reduplication, composition, or calmatization.  Examples of grammatical semantics or grammatical meaning are prefix fixation processes ”ber-” with “baju” the resulting grammatical meaning is "wearing clothes"(memakai baju) .

Okay guys, I think it's enough for information of semantic..
See you in my next post
Bye..

Syntax

SYNTAX 

Syntax refers to word order and depends on lexical categories (parts of speech.) You probably learned that there are eight main parts of speech in grammar school. Linguistics takes a different approach to these categories and separates words into morphological and syntactic groups. Linguistics analyzes words according to their affixes and the words that follow or precede them. Hopefully, the following definitions of the parts of speech will make more sense and be more useful than the old definitions of grammar school books.

Open Class Words

Nouns	_____ + plural endings "dogs"	Det. Adj. _____ (this is called a Noun Phrase) "the black cat"
Verbs	____ + tense endings "speaks"	Aux. ____ (this is called a Verb Phrase) "is talking" / "have eaten"
Adjectives	____ + er / est "small"	Det. ____ Noun "the young child"
Adverbs	Adj. + ly "quickly"	____ Adj. or Verb or Adv. "quickly answered"

Closed Class Words

Determiners	a, an, the, this, that, these, those, pronouns, quantities	____ Adj. Noun "this heavy book"
Auxiliary Verbs	forms of be, have, may, can, shall	NP ____ VP "the boy is singing"
Prepositions	at, in, on, under, over, of	____ NP (this is called a Prepositional Phrase) "in the drawer"
Conjunctions	and, but, or	N or V or Adj. ____ N or V or Adj. "desks and chairs"

Subcategorization defines the restrictions on which syntactic categories (parts of speech) can or cannot occur within a lexical item. These additional specifications of words are included in our mental lexicon. Verbs are the most common categories that are subcategorized. Verbs can either be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs take a direct object, while intransitive verbs take an indirect object (usually they need a preposition before the noun).

Transitive verb: to eat	I ate a pear. (direct object)
Intransitive: to sit	I was sitting on the chair. (indirect object)

Individual nouns can also be subcategorized. For example, the noun idea can be followed by a Prepositional Phrase or that and a sentence. But the noun compassion can only be followed by a Prepositional Phrase and not a sentence.  (Ungrammatical sentences are marked with asterisks.)

the idea of world peace	his compassion for the poor
the idea that world peace is necessary	*his compassion that the poor are hungry

Phrase structure rules describe how phrases are formed and in what order. These rules define the following for English:

Noun Phrase (NP)	(Det.) (Adj.) Noun (PP)
Verb Phrase (VP)	Verb (NP) (PP)
Prepositional Phrase (PP)	Prep. NP
Sentence (S)	NP VP

The parentheses indicate the categories are optional. Verbs don't always have to be followed by prepositional phrases and nouns don't always have to be preceded by adjectives in English. (These rules only apply to English - other languages have different phrase structure rules!)

Passive Sentences
In order to change an active sentence into a passive one, the object of the active must become the subject of the passive. The verb in the passive sentence becomes a form of "be" plus the participle form of the main verb. The subject of the active becomes the object of the passive preceded by the word "by."

Active	Passive
The dog saw the cat.	The cat was seen by the dog.
Subject + Verb + Object	Object + "be" + Verb + by + Subject

EXAMPLE ANTONOMASIA

 ANTONOMASIA is a majas. The antonomasia domain is a form used to refer to an object or object not with its original name but to use object properties. This Majas is often used in daily life to vary sentences so as not to seem monotonous.

 

 EXAMPLE OF ANTONOMASIA

PersonsEdit

• "Agent Orange" for Donald Trump
• "El Caudillo" for Francisco Franco
• "El Jefe" for Rafael Trujillo
• "Il Duce" for Benito Mussolini
• "La Divina" for Maria Callas
• "La Stupenda" for Joan Sutherland
• "Man of Steel" or simply "Steel" for Joseph Stalin
• "Mr. Soul" for Sam Cooke
• "Old Blue Eyes" or "The Chairman of the Board" for Frank Sinatra
• "Pelides" or "the son of Peleus" for Achilles^[3]
• "Son of Laertes" or "Man of Pain" for Odysseus
• "The (Great) Bambino" for Babe Ruth
• "The Bard" for William Shakespeare
• "The Big Bopper" for Jiles Perry Richardson, Jr
• "The Boss" for Bruce Springsteen
• "The Commentator" for Averroes (so named for his commentaries on "The Philosopher" Aristotle's works)
• "The Don" for Sir Donald Bradman
• "The Fab Four" for The Beatles
• "The First Lady of Song" for Ella Fitzgerald
• "The Führer" for Adolf Hitler
• "The Genius of the Carpathians" for Nicolae Ceausescu (note that this is only used ironically)
• "The Gipper" or "The Great Communicator" for Ronald Reagan
• "The Great Commoner" for Winston Churchill
• "The Great Emancipator" for Abraham Lincoln
• "The Great Silent One" for Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
• "The Greatest" for Muhammad Ali
• "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business" or "Soul Brother Number 1" or “The Godfather of Soul” for James Brown
• "The High Priestess of Soul" for Nina Simone
• "The Iron Chancellor" for Otto von Bismarck
• "The Iron Lady" or "The Leaderene" for Margaret Thatcher
• "The King of Pop" for Michael Jackson
• "The King of Soccer" for Pelé
• "The King" for Elvis Presley
• "The Little Corporal" for Napoleon^[3]
• "The Little Master" for Sachin Tendulkar
• "The Magpies" for Newcastle United
• "The Mahatma" for Mohandas Gandhi
• "The Queen of Pop" or "The Material Girl" for Madonna
• "The Queen of Soul" for Aretha Franklin
• "The Red Baron" for Manfred von Richthofen
• "The Shah" for Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
• "The Stagirite" or "The Philosopher" for Aristotle^[3]
• "The Steel Butterfly" for Imelda Marcos
• "The Tiger of Mysore" for Tipu Sultan

Fictional charactersEdit

• "The Boy Who Lived" for Harry Potter
• "The Dark Knight" or "The Caped Crusader" for Batman (also referred as "The Dynamic Duo" when paired with fictional sidekick, Robin)
• "The Man of Steel" or the "Man of Tomorrow" for Superman
• "The Mother of Dragons" for Daenerys Targaryen

Works of artEdit

• "The Scottish play" for Macbeth

PlacesEdit

• "Auld Reekie" for Edinburgh
• "City of Dreams" for Mumbai
• "La La Land" for Los Angeles
• "The Big Apple" for New York City
• "The City of Light" for Paris
• "The Eternal City" or "Urbe" for Rome
• "The Smoke" for London
• "The Windy City" for Chicago
• "The City of Hundred Gates" for ancient Thebes, Egypt
• "The City of Palaces" for Mexico City

 

Contoh Antonomasia

1) Annisa membeli ‘’ si ratu bunga ‘’ untuk memperindah kebunnya. ( ratu bunga = mawar)
2) Adikku senang sekali ketika melihat ‘’ merpati terbang ‘’ di angkasa. ( merpati terbang = pesawat)
3) Siapa sangka karena ‘’ si manis diemut’’ itu gigi adikku bisa ompong. ( si manis diemut = permen)
4) Gak disangka ‘’ si bau menyengat’’ itu enak dibuat lalapan makan bebek goreng. ( si bau menyengat = pete )
5) Si suara emas itu memang cantik dan baik hati, pantas banyak yang suka. ( si suara emas = penyanyi )

PHONOLOGY

PHONOLOGY

Phonology is the study of language that studies the sound of phonemes produced by human utterances, thus forming a word. Therefore phonology is seen as a branch of study that investigates the "minimal difference" between speech utterances.

Example:

money and honey

M in the word money and h in the word honeymoon, are different phonemes.

If the two words are observed, the different ones are only the sounds of M in the Money word and the sound H in the word Honey

Other examples include:

right and light

Sad and bad

Long and song

Chin and thin

Discussion: 

The phonological system of a language includes

• an inventory of sounds and their features, and
• rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.

Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.

That was the explanation of the meaning of PHONOLOGY

Thank's 😊

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HAI.. SIAPA PUN YANG BACA..

Nama asli aku berdasarkan Akte Kelahiran dan beberapa Ijazah adalah Ega Sauly Sitio🤓.  Itu ega nya kakak aku yg bikin. Katanya dulu dia terinspirasi dari film yg ada nama pemeran nya ega 🤓. Aku lahir di pekanbaru,  17 mei 1999 ya sekarang umur aku 19th dan aku ngerasa udah tua bgt🤓. Aku lahir dan dibesarkan dikeluarga yang   Insya Allah   baik-baik. Amin🤓. Dididik sewajarnya seperti anak-anak yang lain. Aku anak kedua dari tiga bersaudara. Aku punyai satu  adik laki2 , sekarang dia masih SMP di SMP yg sama kayak aku dulu 🤓 dan aku punya satu kakak perempuan,  ya walaupun kami sering berantem tapi aku sayang sama kakak aku.  Uww so sweet kan🤓. Agama aku islam.   and i'm proud!🤓.  Hobi aku olahraga tapi bohong  🤓. Aku suka warna KUNING 🤓.  hahaha

Kalo diantara orang-orang di rumah ini, aku paling deket sama adik ku. deket mungkin karena dia nya laki2 ya . Eh apa hubungan nya ya hm  🤓.

Kalo secara fisik kayaknya aku tergolong makhluk menengah   nggak tau deh menengah ke atas atau ke bawah. Perfect kan relatif. hehe. Kalo dari tinggi badan, aku termasuk golongan yang pendek di antara makhluk tuhan lainnya dengan tinggi badan 155cm dan berat yg tidak menentu🤓. Kalo dari segi tampang sih   lagi-lagi   relatif. muka aku sih, standar-standar aja n aku pakai kacamata yaa karena mata aku minus.  Uhh ya di syukuri ajalah ya masih di kasih mata sama yg maha kuasa 🤓.

Stop ngomongin fisik, sekarang kita beralih ngomongin sifat.  Mau tau gak?  Mau ajalah ya🤓. sebenernya sih kurang layak kalo aku menilai sifat aku sendiri. lebih bagus kalo orang lain yang nilai. tapi apa salahnya juga kalo menilai diri sendiri selagi nggak berlebih? hahaha . Aku itu plin-plan, susah banget nentuin perasaan sendiri, pelupa juga n gak suka diatur-atur, paling nggak suka diperintah secara kasar atau dikritik secara nggak rasional, besar kepala kalo dipuji n idung nya suka kembang kempis gitu.  Jadi jangan puji aku ya. Karena emang gada yg layak dipuji 🤓.

Tapi mungkin dari semua data itu ada hal-hal yang salah. Jadi lebih baik kalian mengenal dan akhirnya tau sendiri segala tentang aku, walaupun gak penting ya  🤓. Karena akan jauh lebih efektif kalo bisa tau langsung dari "Bukti Nyata"nya. hahaha 🤓 . Sekian dulu nih isi blog aku. Mungkin abis ini aku bakal cerita tentang temen-temen baik yang ada di sekitar aku  🤓, pacar aku eitsss aku gapunya pacar huhu :" dan tunggu aja lah ya tulisan selanjutnya...🤓

SILAHKAHKAN AJUKAN PERTANYAAN ATUPUN TANGGAPAN ANDA DI KOLOM KOMENTAR  ⬇️🤓